Shape-change material possessed stimulus-induced behaviour known as shape-change effect (SCE). The types of stimulus-responsive materials capable of change in physical properties can be classified into shape-change material and shape memory material. Direct energy coupling refers to mechanical response due to field-induced eigenstrain in the stimulus-responsive materials, whereas indirect is mechanical response due to field-induced change in stiffness or other properties. This coupling of energy can be direct or indirect. The properties of stimuli-responsive materials permit the phenomena of coupling or conversion of energy between various physical domains for example, converting thermal energy into mechanical work. The type of stimuli-responsive materials is the key element to grant the capability of self-transformation and determines the type of stimuli needed to trigger the change in property and the functionality of the component in 4D printing. Stimulus-responsive material, often known as smart materials or programmable materials, is highly dynamic in form and functions. AM technologies that are capable of multi-material printing include, but not limited to, the PolyJet Stratasys Connex 3 Objet printer, FDM the RoVa3D 5 Nozzle 3D printer from ORD Solutions, Original Prusa i3 multi-material upgrade. For a single multi-material print, a 3D printer capable of multiple-material printing is required to combine two or more materials to produce heterogeneous composition. Most AM processes can support 4D printing as long as the selected stimulus-responsive material is supported by or compatible with the printer. The use of AM processes enables freeform objects to be produced directly from digital information without the need for intermediate shaping tools. The concept of 4D printing relies predominantly on five factors-the AM process, types of stimulus-responsive material, stimuli, interaction mechanism, and mathematical modelling. Finally, current software and examples are presented together with the existing limitations that need to be overcome to achieve widespread adoption of 4D printing. Materials and structures in the form of homogenous compositions and heterogeneous compositions are discussed, as well as different types of shape-shifting behaviours such as self-folding, self-assemblies, and self-dis-assemblies. In terms of designing for 4D printing, aspects of the shape memory effect (SME) including one-way SMEs, two-way SMEs and three-way SMEs are presented. This paper discusses emerging applications for 4D printing and suitable stimulus-responsive materials for 4D printing. The use of 4D printing technology is expected to significantly become more widespread with more applications across bio-medical, aerospace, and defence industries. 4D printing utilizes additive manufacturing methods to produce stimulus-responsive components that can change its shape from one to another when subject to appropriate stimuli.
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